Is there a relationship between
Vatican II and a Theology of
Social Reform?
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On the other hand as Bishop, Toolen
showed great pastoral concern for African-Americans regardless of
religion. He opened hospitals to care
for them when white hospitals would not accept patients of color. In 1950 Saint Martin de Porres hospital in
Mobile became the first hospital in Alabama where white and black physicians
served jointly on the hospital staff, though the patients were exclusively
African-American. In 1964 he
desegregated the Catholic schools in the state of Alabama. Toolen would not accept African-American
candidates for the priesthood however, and one whom he turned down—Joseph
Howze—later became the Bishop of Biloxi. And in 1965 Toolen expelled Father
Maurice Ouellet of the Edmundites from the diocese because he had permitted
organizational meetings for the Selma marches on parish property. In other words, Toolen was a man of charity
but not of justice and this is a crucial distinction as there are many who
believe that our duty as Christians is to give succor to the poor but not
necessarily to correct the injustices that cause the poverty. In fact, one
change which comes not from the Council itself but from the Encyclical Letter Mater et Magistra of John XXIII and then
is reinforced in the Council—and subsequent papal teaching—is that authentic
charity is committed to the pursuit of justice.
Our old idea of “charity” as almsgiving is a deficient understanding of
the virtue. While generosity or the desire
to offer aid to those who are suffering is one aspect of charity, the theological
virtue of charity is the most profound expression of the Divine Nature—quoniam Deus caritas est (1 John
4:8). And as an expression of the Divine
Nature, charity is essentially
oriented towards Justice—that is, towards the order of things being conformed
to the Divine Will.
Of course for centuries people
believed—and Churchmen taught—that the divergence of wealth and poverty in the
world is the Divine Will; that some
are rich because God wills them to be rich, others are poor because God wills
them to be poor. The 19th
century Anglican hymn-writer Mrs. Cecil F. Alexander put it this way in her
famous hymn All Things Bright and
Beautiful.
The rich man in his castle,
The poor man at his gate,God made them high and lowly,
And ordered their estate.
Since Mater et Magistra, the Catholic Church has moved away from this
idea and has increasingly questioned the morality of extremes of wealth and
poverty in our world, but a great part of the reaction against Vatican II among
contemporary Catholics is a reaction against the Church’s message of Social
Justice. Former Catholic Glen Beck told
his listeners that when they hear “Social Justice” in Church they should flee
that Church. Michael Voris—a very
unreliable source for things Catholic, has called the message of Social Justice
a distortion of our Catholic faith. The
Lefebvrites—the schismatics who followed the late Archbishop Marcel Lefebvre
out of the Church in protest against the changes of the Second Vatican Council,
are rooted in the conservative social and economic doctrines of the Action Française. The Tridentine Mass,
at least in the United States, attracts congregations that are white and
upper-middle class, first-generation of superfluous wealth, precisely because
they can be sure that the priests who offer these liturgies will not preach a
Gospel that supports socio-economic reforms.
(I have been told that in Great Britain the situation is somewhat
different and the “Extraordinary Form” attracts intellectuals and social
liberals, but I don’t know the reliability of this report.)
When we look at the liturgical
reforms of the Second Vatican Council in some depth we should probably see how
the Liturgy itself has been restructured to make us more aware of the
relationship between the Worship of God and the Gospel call to social justice,
but this much seems clear that there is a direct relationship between those who
support the teachings of the Second Vatican Council and the commitment to
Justice. There seems also to be a
corresponding relationship between those who reject, dismiss, or water down the
teachings of the Council—including those who insist on a “hermeneutic of
continuity”—and those who promote the existing social-economic policies.
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