Roots of Liturgical Reform: Maria Laach and Odo Casel 2



Monastic Liturgy at St. Joseph's Abbey,

Spencer  MA

 My last entry mentioned Dom Odo Casel of Maria Laach Abbey and his scholarly work to reintroduce the idea of Mysterium into Catholic sacramental theology. I had mentioned that the western obsession with the human person as an embodied intellect has so overemphasized the dogmatic aspects of religion as to strip the human person of the capacity for the mystical encounter with God.  This is one of the reasons that mysticism, indeed spirituality, is all but dead in the Western Church—Catholic and Protestant.  In its place there is a sort of pallid piety that is no more than a combination of doctrinal assent and moral rigidity.   But I don’t want to overstate the insipidness of western liturgy—pre and post Vatican II—completely.  While my experience in most parishes is that Sunday worship is shallow and lacking an appreciation for the sacred and that the pre-conciliar liturgy, the so-called “Extraordinary Form,” is the exaltation of form over substance, an empty show of an effete and effeminate fussiness, I do find worshipping in a monastic community that the (new) liturgy, when done well, has both a measured pace and solemn gravity that facilitate its being a genuinely prayerful and prayerfilled experience.  While I am sure that this is not true of the liturgy of all religious communities, I would commend especially the Cistercians (Trappists) for letting the liturgy be of what the Fathers of the Church wrote and Dom Odo was trying to express by his use of the concept of Mysterium. 

I asked one of the monks at an abbey to which I occasionally go for Mass what approach to the liturgy he employs to make the Mass as prayerful as it is when he presides.  I was surprised to learn that he had studied the Zen tea ceremony for several years, learning to carry out this ritual that is simultaneously both minimalistic and extremely complex.  He told me—“if the Zen Master can put so much effort into an effortless making of a cup of tea for his guest (note the paradox of effortless effort), I learned how much effort I must make to present Christ to you in bread and wine.  And as the Zen Master and all the ritual calls the guest’s attention not to himself or to the ritual itself, but only to the tea, so I must celebrate the Mysteries (not in the same precise sense Dom Odo’s use of the word) so as to call attention not to myself or to the ritual, but only to Christ who comes to have tea, or in this case his supper, with us.”

The Zen Master Thich Nhat Hanh makes a similar point in his book Living Buddah, Living Christ (Riverhead Trade, 2007—10^th anniversary edition).  Thich Nhat Hanh speaks specifically of the Eucharist and gives an amazing testimony to the Presence of Christ in the Eucharist, but he marvels how many Christians approach the Sacrament without “mindfulness.”  I know exactly what he is speaking of.  I see priest after priest going mechanically through the ritual with all the passion of a tired housewife ironing shirts.  And I don’t mean this as a slap at the “New Mass,” I remember it well from my days as an altar boy long before Vatican II.  And indeed, if there is an insipidness in the western liturgy—old and new—it is probably not in the rite itself but rather in the lack of spiritual depth in those leading the celebration.

It was against this perfunctory and robotic approach to the Mass that Casel tried to resurrect the idea of Mysterium, the Divine inbreaking into our liturgy when our poor efforts at worship are washed out in the splendid light of God’s Revealing himself to us; that sacred moment when the emphasis shifts from our offering God worship to his shining forth grace into our being.

In any event, Maria Laach became a great workshop for liturgy in the first half of the 20^th century as all sorts of “experiments” were tried from restoring the ancient Holy Week ceremonies (thirty and more years before Pius XII authorized the changes for the whole Church) to laying the groundwork for the “new” Mass that Paul VI would mandate for the entire Roman Rite of the Church in 1970.  Most of these experiments were “illegal” of course—but they weren’t make-it-up-as-you-go-along experiments but rather the implementation of changes determined by sound historical scholarship.  And while I am not always happy (personally) with the ways that the current Liturgy is carried out, I am grateful to have shed the bonds of spiritual slavery represented in the rigid (rigid as in rigor mortis) pre-conciliar rites.  I have no desire to go back to those Fleshpots of pre-Vatican II slavery in the Egypt of the Tridentine Church.    

Unfortunately, there is a shadow side to the Maria Laach experience as it was a gathering place for many of the right-wing Catholics who wanted to restore the Hohenzollern monarchy after the Kaisers abdication following the German defeat in World War I.  As a restored monarchy became less and less a possibility, these Catholic right-wingers evolved from their mere hatred for the Weimar Republic into a core of support for Adolph Hitler and his Nazi party.  Most distressing in this connection with the Nazi regime, Maria Laach became associated with anti-Semitic publications during the Hitler years. It was the connections with these pro-Hitler conservative Catholics that preserved the Abbey from being confiscated—the only Abbey in the Rhineland not confiscated—during the Nazi regime.  On the other hand, the Abbey provided refuge to Konrad Adenauer for a year when he was in trouble with Hitler’s Reich.   An interesting subject to explore would be the role of the Catholic Right in bringing Hitler to power.   Hmmm, might it have relevance for us today?  Fortnight for Freedom?—what is the real political philosophy of Archbishop Lori and friends?  No, I’m sure I am wrong, couldn’t be. Hmmm. 

Roots of Liturgical Reform: Maria Laach and Odo Casel 1

Maria Laach Abbey

Following up on the last blog but one, I should say something about the Abbey of Maria Laach and the liturgical scholarship that was done there under Abbot Ildefons  Herwegen in the first part of the twentieth century.  Laach Abbey is an ancient foundation in the German Rhineland Palatinate going back to 1093 and was known in the Central and High Middle Ages as a center of monastic scholarship.  It had a revival in monastic observance and scholarly work just before the Protestant Reformation and it survived the Reformation only to be suppressed by Napoleon in 1802.  For several decades in the 19^th century, the Abbey buildings were occupied by the very non-monastic but scholarly Jesuits until Bismark’s Kulturkampf expelled them from Prussian territory.  It was in the Jesuit era that the name “Maria” was added to Laach Abbey.  The Benedictines returned in 1892 and the Abbey Church, a brilliant example of a Romanesque  Basilica, was restored through the efforts of Kaiser Wilhelm II, who, though a Lutheran with no Catholic sympathies, recognized the nationalistic value of such an ancient monastic foundation.   Among the daughter houses of Maria Laach is Mount Savior Monastery in New York State founded by Dom Damasus Winzen OSB, a monk of Maria Laach.

Among the most distinguished monks of Maria Laach and its liturgical studies and experimentation was Dom Odo Casel (1886-1948).  Dom Odo had entered the monastery at the age of 20 and was sent to Rome where he earned the Doctorate in theology, writing this thesis on the Eucharistic theology of Justin Martyr.  In his scholarship, Casel recaptured the concept of Mysterium.  Our English word “mystery” just doesn’t cut it.  The Mysterium speaks of an encounter with the Divine, our immanence being united to the Divine Transcendence—a lifting up of the creature into the very Life of the Creator. (The capitals are no mistake, they have significance.)   All that is very abstract, I realize—but it speaks of that experience of God that we have which defies description, where the veil between heaven and earth is parted and we find ourselves “in a Time that is beyond time, and a Place which is beyond place.”  In the experience of Contemplative Prayer one encounters this Mysterium directly and without mediation but that is a gift given but rarely except to the spiritually proficient.  To whet our appetite for such a face to face encounter with the Living God, our Catholic heritage tells us that God chooses to reveal himself to us through the mediation of created things.  Such creatures become “symbols” that mediate the Divine Encounter.  And so in the various collages of images—in oil and flame and water and bread and wine and chant and sacred words, and holy gestures and consecrated persons, the veil is pulled back and the Divine is revealed to the human. 

This still is not explaining it to my satisfaction, so let me relate a historical event and employ it as a parable.  In 987 the Prince of Kiev, Vladimir the Great, sent delegates to Rome and to Constantinople to make a choice over what sort of Christianity he and his nation were to embrace.  In Rome, the ambassadors saw the Roman Liturgy done with the bland shabbiness characteristic of that low point in Catholic history.  (See entries for July 28, June 29, July 1, August 26, 2011   February 21, June 30, 2012 for more information on this low point in Catholic morale.)  In Constantinople, however, it was a different story.  The Byzantine Empire was still strong and wealthy and the liturgy in the magnificent Church of the Hagia Sophia reflected the earthly splendor of the Imperial Court in an effort to mirror Heavenly Splendor. And it worked: the ambassadors reported “We no longer knew whether we were in heaven or on earth—nor such beauty, and we know not how to tell of it.” The music, the icons, the incense, the mosaics, the jewel-studded sacred vessels and silken robes became vehicles by which the imagination could ascend to the God who is beyond our power to image. 

The problem is that in the Western Church this appreciation for the Mysterium has pretty much been lost.  Avery Dulles speaks of this in his book The Catholicity of the Church (Oxford University Press, 1987).  Dulles cites Protestant theologian, Paul Tillich and his concept of “Catholic Substance and Protestant Principle.”  Catholic substance is this idea that God reveals himself in created things—bread and wine, oil, sacred persons, etc.  The Protestant principle is the warning that while God may reveal himself in created things, these created things—bread and wine, oil, sacred persons, etc. are not God and have no claim on the Divine.  You need to have a balance between Catholic substance and Protestant Principle.  Catholic substance, without the balance of Protestant principle leads to magic, superstition, and idolatry.  But the Protestant principle without the balance of Catholic substance leads to irreverence, skepticism, and sacrilege.  The super-rationalism of the western mind has robbed most people of the ability to imagine—that is to “image”—and so such things as incense or oil or laying on of hands, or even bread and wine remain only incense or oil or laying on of hands or even bread and wine and never become the Symbols by which we can ascend from created to Creator.  In the extreme of this—in non-liturgical denominations the sacramental aspect has been allowed to all but disappear.  (Actually in Quakerism and some other Christian denominations, the sacramental aspect has disappeared.)  But even in Catholic circles neo-Scholastic theology has robbed Mysterium of its power. Intellectual assent to doctrine has been substituted for mystical encounter.  This is one of the weaknesses of Tridentine and post-Tridentine (including contemporary Vatican II) Catholicism—it has reduced us to intellects and does not nourish the deeper realities of the soul.  Thus liturgy in the western Church tends to be reduced to either “rubrical”—the exact carrying out prescribed ceremonies—or spectacular, the theatrical production.    Often when I attend the “new Mass” I find myself entertained, even stimulated—but it is like Chinese food—three hours later, I am hungry again.  (Actually I find Chinese food sufficiently filling, but I know that many others claim its reputation for being only a passing satisfaction of hunger.)  I go to the Tridentine Mass and—though I am fluent in Latin and understand every word—I find it (at best) to be no more than Swan Lake in Vestments—aesthetically pleasing but a tired conceit.  (At worst, the Tridentine “Low Mass,” it is nothing but dry toast.)  When I attend the Divine Liturgy, however, whether in an Orthodox or Byzantine Catholic Church—“we no longer knew whether we were in heaven or on earth.”  Why is that?  What can we learn from the difference?

Well, I have drifted a long way from Odo Casel and Maria Laach, but I think laid a foundation for some other comments I want to make over the next week or so.  But let me in the next posting return a bit to Mysterium and hopefully find our way back to the main topic.